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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuropathic pain (NP) affects the afferent somatosensory pathways, generating various symptoms, however, there is difficulty in terms of diagnosis and in the formation of treatment protocols. There is a need to search the current literature for effective resources for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy in rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to describe reproducible assessment and treatment approaches capable of reducing NP. CONTENTS: Full articles produced between 2018 and 2022, found in the Pubmed, Scielo, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were included. Fifteen Boolean descriptors were used, and data were cross-referenced with the words "AND" or "OR". The selected articles went through the Methodi Ordinatio of classification and organization of studies. Eleven articles were selected and used in this review, two from 2018, five from 2020, and three from 2021. Regarding the type of study, five review articles, one case study, and six intervention studies were obtained. Of these 11 studies, only three used quality of life (QoL) indicators. Most studies used combined interventions, and in more than half of the publications transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was present. The somatosensory rehabilitation method was able to redeem neuropathy through specific techniques. CONCLUSION: The implications of the neuropathic pain treatment in terms of QoL were left in the background by the bibliometric survey carried out. It is suggested that new studies could associate analgesia techniques with rehabilitation methods, including and measuring the effects on the QoL of these patients.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor neuropática (DN) acomete as vias somatossensoriais aferentes, gerando diversos sintomas, entretanto há dificuldades em termos de diagnóstico e na formação de protocolos de tratamento. Há a necessidade de buscar, na literatura atual, recursos eficazes para o tratamento da neuropatia periférica na área da reabilitação. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever abordagens reprodutíveis de avaliação e tratamento capazes de diminuir a DN. CONTEÚDO: Foram incluídos artigos completos produzidos entre os anos de 2018 e 2022, encontrados nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Medline, Embase e Cochrane. Foram usados 15 descritores booleanos, e os dados foram cruzados com as palavras "AND" ou "OR". Os artigos passaram pelo Methodi Ordinatio de classificação e organização de estudos. Foram selecionados e utilizados 11 artigos, sendo dois de 2018, cinco de 2020 e três de 2021. Acerca do tipo de estudo, foram obtidos cinco artigos de revisão, um estudo de caso e seis estudos de intervenção. Desses 11 estudos, apenas três utilizaram indicadores de qualidade de vida (QV). A maioria dos estudos utilizou intervenções combinadas, e em mais da metade das publicações a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) estava presente. O método de reabilitação somatossensorial foi capaz de redimir a neuropatia por meio de técnicas específicas. CONCLUSÃO: As implicações do tratamento da dor neuropática no quesito QV ficaram em segundo plano pelo levantamento bibliométrico realizado. Sugere-se que novos estudos possam associar técnicas de analgesia a métodos de reabilitação, incluindo e mensurando os efeitos sobre a QV desses pacientes.
ABSTRACT
El síndrome de dolor regional complejo (SDRC) es una patología poco frecuente, caracterizada por dolor crónico y cambios locales del sitio afectado. Ocurre en forma posterior a un traumatismo, o, menos frecuentemente, sin desencadenante claro. El diagnóstico se realiza de forma clínica, evaluando la presencia de hallazgos típicos detallados en los criterios de Budapest, como el dolor continuo y desproporcionado, y síntomas y signos típicos, como edema, asimetría térmica y disminución del rango de movilidad. Los estudios por imágenes, así como la radiografía, la resonancia magnética o el centellograma óseo de 3 fases, también brindan información valiosa, sobre todo en los casos que se presentan con más dudas, y para realizar diagnóstico diferencial de otras patologías. En este sentido, la medición de la densidad mineral ósea por absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA) se presenta también como herramienta de utilidad, no solo en la fase diagnóstica, al evidenciar la mayor desmineralización del miembro afectado, sino también en la evaluación de la respuesta terapéutica a bifosfonatos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con SDRC del miembro inferior, donde la densitometría ósea resultó de gran utilidad en su manejo clínico. (AU)
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare pathology, characterized by chronic pain and local changes of the affected site. It occurs after trauma or, less frequently, without a clear trigger. The diagnosis is made clinically, evaluating the presence of typical findings detailed in the Budapest criteria, such as continuous and disproportionate pain, and typical signs and symptoms, like edema, thermal asymmetry, and decreased range of motion. Imaging studies, such as radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or 3-phase bone scintigraphy also provide valuable information, especially in cases that present with more doubts, and to make a differential diagnosis with other pathologies. In this regard, the measurement of bone mineral density by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is also a useful tool, not only in the diagnostic phase, by showing the greater demineralization of the affected limb, but also in the evaluation of the therapeutic response to bisphosphonates. We present the case of a patient with CRPS of the lower limb, where bone densitometry was very useful in her clinical management. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/diagnosis , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/pathology , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/drug therapy , Densitometry , Bone Density , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/diagnostic imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Diphosphonates/administration & dosage , Chronic Pain/etiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: El bloqueo terapéutico de ganglio estrellado es un procedimiento para aliviar dolores crónicos de miembros superiores, cabeza y cuello. Actualmente se realiza con anestésicos locales más adyuvantes; pero en Cuba sólo se usan anestésicos locales para este bloqueo. Objetivo: Cotejar información reciente sobre la pertinencia del uso de anestésicos locales con adyuvantes, para estimular la actualización de su práctica nacional acorde a las rutinas y los resultados de esta pericia en el contexto internacional. Métodos: Se revisaron más de 150 informes científicos en línea, referentes a esta técnica a nivel mundial, respecto al uso de drogas y resultados terapéuticos, en bases de datos en inglés, español y portugués. Desarrollo: El bloqueo anestésico precisa conocimientos de farmacología y habilidades prácticas para efectuarlo. La necesidad de anestésicos locales y adyuvantes varía, y depende del paciente y tipo de bloqueo. Para tratar el dolor crónico se usan también opioides, solos y con anestésicos locales. Se publican además beneficios razonables con el uso de ketamina y esteroides en combinación con anestésicos locales. Conclusión: Los resultados terapéuticos más intensos y duraderos que se obtienen al aplicar anestésico local más adyuvante, sugieren actualizar estas prácticas a nivel nacional(AU)
Introduction: The therapeutic block of the stellate ganglion is a procedure for relieving chronic pain of the upper limbs, head, and neck. It is currently performed with more adjuvant local anesthetics, but in Cuba only local anesthetics are used for this block. Objective: To compare recent information about the relevance of using local anesthetics with adjuvants to stimulate the updating of their practice nationally, according to the routines and the outcomes of this expertise in the international setting. Methods: More than 150 scientific reports were reviewed online, referring to this technique worldwide, regarding drug use and therapeutic outcomes, in databases in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Development: The anesthetic block requires knowledge about pharmacology and practical skills to perform it. The need for local anesthetics and adjuvants varies, and depends on the patient and type of block. Opioids are also used to treat chronic pain, alone or with local anesthetics. Reasonable benefits are also published regarding the use of ketamine and steroids in combination with local anesthetics. Conclusion: The most intense and lasting therapeutic outcomes obtained by applying more adjuvant local anesthetic suggest updating these practices nationally(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adjuvants, Anesthesia/therapeutic use , Nerve Block/methods , Stellate GanglionABSTRACT
Objective:To summarize the development of a patient with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after distal radius fracture and the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with conventional rehabilitation on it. Methods:One patient with CRPS after left distal radius fracture was treated with rTMS combined with conventional rehabilitation for three weeks. The pain degree was evaluated with Visual Analogue Score (VAS), the edema was assessed with volume of hand and circumference of finger, and motion of joint was measured with passive range of motion. The activities of daily living was assessed with modified Barthel Index (MBS). Results:Before treatment, the VAS score was 8, the volume of left hand was 330 ml, the temperature of skin was 36.8 ℃. The activity of flexion and extension of left elbow joint, pronation and supination of left forearm, the flexion, extension, ulnar deviation and temporal deviation of left wrist, and metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP), proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) of left hand were all limited. The circumference of left finger was larger than right finger, and the score of MBI was 85. After three weeks of treatment, the VAS score was 2, the volume of the left hand was 310 ml, the temperature of the skin was 33.8 ℃. The activities of left elbow joint, left wrist joint and left MCP, PIP, and DIP were better than before. The score of MBI was 100. Conclusion:rTMS combined with conventional rehabilitation is effective on CRPS after distal radius fracture, in the range of motion and edema of upper extremity, and activities of daily living.
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To observe the cell origin of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)receptor expression in skin after chronic ischemic pain modeling in rats and explore the role of NMDA receptor in type Ⅰ complex regional pain syndrome. Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups:sham operation group(=12),chronic post ischemia pain(CPIP)group(=12),CPIP+normal saline(NS)group(=6),CPIP+NMDA group(=6),and CPIP+MK801 group(=6).Six rats in the sham operation group and CPIP group were sacrificed under deep anesthesia one day after modeling.The plantar skin and L3-L5 spinal cord tissue were used for NR1(NMDA receptor)subunit immunofluorescence detection and for Western blotting of NR1,interleukin(IL)-1β,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α.For the remaining rats,the mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT)values on the 2nd,6th,10th and 14th day after ischemia were recorded,and the corresponding drugs were injected subcutaneously from the 6th day after ischemia.The skin and L3-L5 spinal cords were collected on the 14th day,and the same detection methods were applied. Compared with the sham operation group,the CPIP group had significantly higher expressions of NR1(1.708±0.064;=12.120, <0.001),IL-1β(2.575±0.305;=5.158, =0.003),and TNF-α(2.691±0.217;=7.786, <0.001)in the skin on the first day after modeling.After intervention with NMDA and MK801,the MWT value was [(20.37±0.95)g] in the CPIP+NS group,which was significantly higher than that in CPIP+NMDA group [(15.85±1.09)g;=10.920, <0.001] but significantly lower than that in CPIP+MK801 group[(22.95±0.96)g;=6.421, <0.001] 10 days after modeling.On the 14th day,compared with the MWT of the CPIP+NS group [(21.57±0.96)g],the CPIP+NMDA group had significantly decreased MWT value [(16.53±1.63)g;=12.190, <0.001],and the CPIP+MK801 group had significantly increased MWT value [(23.27±1.28)g;=4.094, =0.025].Compared with the sham operation group,the CPIP group had significantly increased NR1 expression(1.708±0.064;=10.910, <0.001)and the CPIP+NS group had significantly increased expressions of IL-1β(2.518±0.147;=11.010, <0.001)and TNF-α(1.949±0.184;=10.870, <0.001).Compared with the CPIP+NS group,the CPIP+NMDA group had significantly increased expressions of IL-1β(4.816±0.607;=16.670, =0.003)and TNF-α(2.629±0.349;=7.790, <0.001)and the CPIP+MK801 group had significantly decreased expressions of IL-1β(1.048±0.257;=10.660, =0.003)and TNF-α(0.790±0.165;=13.280, <0.001). NMDA receptor activation in skin keratinocytes after chronic ischemia in rats hinders the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α,which may be involved in central sensitization and pain conduction of type Ⅰ complex regional pain syndrome.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Interleukin-1beta , Keratinocytes , Pain , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate , Spinal Cord , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to be effective for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This is a case report of a patient with CRPS who was successfully treated with a combination of temporary SCS lead placement and physical therapy. A 19-year-old man presented with severe pain for a few months since receiving plaster cast fixation as treatment for an ankle sprain injury at the previous hospital. At his first visit to our pain center, he could not walk without crutches because of severe pain accompanied by symptoms such as allodynia, decreased skin temperature, redness, edema, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the affected area. The symptoms met the diagnostic criteria for CRPS. Temporary SCS lead placement was performed to alleviate the pain and peripheral circulatory disorder, along with physiotherapy to improve the flexibility and restore the normal appearance of the affected limb. The interdisciplinary treatment effectively improved our patient's leg edema and walking ability, which consequently led to pain relief.
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Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to be effective for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This is a case report of a patient with CRPS who was successfully treated with a combination of temporary SCS lead placement and physical therapy. A 19-year-old man presented with severe pain for a few months since receiving plaster cast fixation as treatment for an ankle sprain injury at the previous hospital. At his first visit to our pain center, he could not walk without crutches because of severe pain accompanied by symptoms such as allodynia, decreased skin temperature, redness, edema, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the affected area. The symptoms met the diagnostic criteria for CRPS. Temporary SCS lead placement was performed to alleviate the pain and peripheral circulatory disorder, along with physiotherapy to improve the flexibility and restore the normal appearance of the affected limb. The interdisciplinary treatment effectively improved our patient's leg edema and walking ability, which consequently led to pain relief.
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@#The right hand of a 58-year-old female was compressed by a compression machine and subsequently began to show pain. She was diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome type 2 according to the Budapest criteria. Conventional therapy was ineffective for her allodynia. After subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin, the subject’s allodynia substantially improved. Subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin could effectively treat patients with complex regional pain syndrome and intractable allodynia. Clinical studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the efficacy of and selection of patients for botulinum toxin treatment of complex regional pain syndrome.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The complex regional pain syndrome is characterized by severe pain that affects one extremity of the body, in addition to edema, increased sensitivity to cold and touch, sweating, discoloration and decreased ability to move. This study aimed to identify and analyze the methods of diagnosis and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. CONTENTS: This is an integrative review of literature conducted in April 2018, which used the electronic database and an academic search engine to select the studies. We sought to complement the survey with manual search of the citations of the primary studies identified. As a search strategy, the authors used the descriptors: "complex regional pain syndrome", "pain", "chronic pain", "diagnosis" and "treatment" in Portuguese and English. A total of 416 references were identified, 11 of which were selected for the present study. Most articles were published in 2016, in English. In general, the articles present the pathophysiology, methods of diagnosis and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome, and it is possible to identify and analyze the consonance and divergence found in the scientific literature. CONCLUSION: The basis for the diagnosis of regional complex pain syndrome remains clinical, and there is no "gold standard" to conduct the diagnosis as there are no accurate imaging indicators or serum markers. The psychological evaluation and the treatment of the disorders, when present, can ensure a better patient's compliance with the treatment instituted.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome da dor regional complexa é caracterizada por dor intensa que acomete uma extremidade do corpo, além de edema, aumento da sensibilidade ao frio e ao toque, sudorese, alteração de coloração e diminuição da capacidade de movimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar os métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome da dor regional complexa. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada no mês de abril de 2018, que utilizou bases de dados eletrônicas e um buscador acadêmico para a seleção dos estudos. Buscou-se complementar o levantamento com busca manual nas citações dos estudos primários identificados. Como estratégia de busca dos artigos, utilizou os descritores: "síndrome da dor regional complexa", "dor", "dor crônica", "diagnóstico" e "tratamento" nos idiomas português e inglês. Foram identificadas 416 referências, sendo 11 artigos selecionados para o presente estudo. A maioria dos artigos foi publicado no ano de 2016 e em inglês. De modo geral, os artigos apresentam a fisiopatologia, os métodos de diagnóstico e de tratamento da síndrome da dor regional complexa, sendo possível identificar e analisar a consonância e a divergência encontrada na literatura científica. CONCLUSÃO: A base do diagnóstico da síndrome da dor regional complexa permaneceu clínica e não se tem um "padrão ouro" para conduzir o diagnóstico, pois não há indicadores de imagem ou marcadores séricos precisos. A avaliação psicológica e o tratamento de seus distúrbios, quando presentes, garantem melhor adesão do paciente ao tratamento instituído.
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Introducción: El Síndrome doloroso regional complejo tipo 1 (SDRC) o Sudeck se caracteriza por manifestarse con dolor, tumefacción, trastornos sensoriales, disfunción vasomotora autonómica, cambios tróficos en los tejidos y trastornos en la motilidad del área afectada. Pudiendo ocurrir en una o varias regiones articulares, sin repercusión sistémica y sin modificar parámetros inflamatorios. Objetivo: Estimar el porcentaje de pacientes que desarrollan secuelas en el seguimiento y los factores asociados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio Prospectivo, observacional, se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnostico de SDRC tipo 1 según criterios Budapest. Se consignaron variables demográficas, de las características de la enfermedad, tipo, tiempo y respuesta al tratamiento. Se definió secuelas según el registro de historias clinicas de el consultorio de riesgo de trabajo "alta con secuelas". Resultados: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes, de los cuales el 65,3 % eran mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 54 años (RIC: 45-61). El desarrollo de Secuelas (60%) se asoció con la, indicación precisa de rehabilitación (p 0,001). Conclusión: El 60 % de los pacientes desarrollaron secuelas en su seguimiento, las mismas se asociaron en forma independiente con la indicación de rehabilitación y en forma negativa con la buena respuesta al tratamiento.
Background/Purpose: complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a form of chronic pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. CRPS typically develops after an injury, a surgery, a stroke or a heart attack. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury. CRPS is uncommon, and its cause isn't clearly understood. Methods: To estimate the percentage of patients with CRPS who develop disability and its associated factors. Consecutive patients older than 18 years old whose met Budapest criteria for CRPS type 1 were included. Demographic variables, time of follow-up, main cause of the disease and location, time between trauma and starting treatment were recorded from the electronic clinical history (ECH). Previous immobilization, type were recorded. of treatment, response to it and clinical manifestations. Disability was defined when there was a change in work activity. Results: 98 patients were included with at least one year of follow up, 65.3% were women. The median age is 54 years (45-61). The prevalence of disability was 60%. We found a significant and independent association with indication of rehabilitation (OR: 4.3 CI: 1.3-14) and response to treatment (OR: 0.078 CI: 0.023-0, 2). Conclusion: 60% of the patients developed disability in their follow-up, they were associated independently with the indication of rehabilitation and in a negative way with a good response to treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes , Pain , Sensation Disorders , Chronic PainABSTRACT
Objective To summarize the development and treatment for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I only involving hand after stroke.Methods One patient accepted comprehensive rehabilitation for six weeks. He was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain and modified Barthel Index, his hand volume and fingers circumference, and passive range of motion (PROM) of fingers and wrist was measured, before and after treatment.Results The score of VAS, and the hand volume and the fingers circumference decreased, while PROM and the score of modified Barthel Index increased after treatment.Conclusion Post-stroke CRPS type I can only affect the wrist and hand. Comprehensive rehabilitation may improve the function and activities of daily living.
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BACKGROUND: It is uncommon for patients who have received a permanent implant to remove the spinal cord stimulator (SCS) after discontinuation of medication in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) due to their completely painless state. This study evaluated CRPS patients who successfully removed their SCSs. METHODS: This 10-year retrospective study was performed on patients who had received the permanent implantation of an SCS and had removed it 6 months after discontinuation of stimulation, while halting all medications for neuropathic pain. Age, sex, duration of implantation, site and type of CRPS, and their return to work were compared between the removal and non-removal groups. RESULTS: Five (12.5%, M/F = 4/1) of 40 patients (M/F = 33/7) successfully removed the permanent implant. The mean age was younger in the removal group (27.2 ± 6.4 vs. 43.5 ± 10.7 years, P < 0.01). The mean duration of implantation in the removal group was 34.4 ± 18.2 months. Two of 15 patients (13.3%) and 3 of 25 patients (12%) who had upper and lower extremity pain, respectively, had removed the implant. The implants could be removed in 5 of 27 patients (18.5%) with CRPS type 1 (P < 0.01). All 5 patients (100%) who removed their SCS returned to work, while only 5 of 35 (14.3%) in the non-removal group did (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Even though this study had limited data, younger patients with CRPS type 1 could remove their SCSs within a 5-year period and return to work with complete pain relief.
Subject(s)
Humans , Age Factors , Device Removal , Extremities , Lower Extremity , Neuralgia , Retrospective Studies , Return to Work , Spinal Cord Stimulation , Spinal CordABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in young male patients in South Korea, especially focusing on the association with military service. METHODS: From January 2007 to May 2017, we investigated the electronic medical records of 430 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 30 years, who visited Seoul National University Hospital Pain Center, with a suspected diagnosis of CRPS at the initial visit. The following patient details were available for analysis: demographic and disease-related variables, relevance to military service, medications, and the treatment modalities received. RESULTS: Out of 430 patients, 245 (57.0%) were diagnosed with CRPS, of which, 200 were male patients and 45 were female patients. Of the male patients, 95 (47.5%) developed CRPS during military service. CRPS during military service was more likely to result from sprain/strain, and the incidence of CRPS was significantly higher in the lower extremities in patients from the military service group than in those from the non-military service group. During the follow-up period, 37.9% of male CRPS patients (n = 61/161) were treated successfully. Patients with moderate to severe initial pain intensity, and diagnosed during their military service, showed better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that manifestation of CRPS in the young Korean population was more common in male and among those male CRPS patients, about half the cases developed during the military service period.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Chronic Pain , Diagnosis , Electronic Health Records , Epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , Incidence , Korea , Lower Extremity , Military Medicine , Military Personnel , Neuralgia , Pain Clinics , Retrospective Studies , Seoul , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
We report about hirudotherapy in a patient with chronic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in the right hand. CRPS is a multifactorial disease associated with disabling pain as well as sensory and motor deficits. The optimal therapeutic management is based on personalized multimodal treatment approaches; however, hirudotherapy has not been described in the available literature. To date, we have completed five medicinal leech treatments. Altogether, hirudotherapy led to rapid and substantial relief of symptoms, especially with respect to pain intensity ratings and skin temperature asymmetries. In addition, the patient's active and passive agility of the affected limb improved obviously.
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Mirror visual feedback, as a rehabilitation technique based on the theory of mirror neuron, was first used in the treatment of phantom limb pain, and then was widely used in stroke, peripheral nerve injury and so on. In recent years, it has also been used in the rehabilitation of complex regional pain syndrome type II. Mirror visual feedback could relieve the pain, and improve the motor function and the quality of life of patients, which may be related to the activation of mirror neurons, excitation of motor representative area and visual feedback.
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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of three-needle therapy combined with acupuncture on complex regional pain syndrome typeⅠ(CRPS-Ⅰ) after stroke.@*METHODS@#A total of 96 patients with CRPS-Ⅰ after stroke were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 48 cases in each one. In the control group, based on the routine treatment, acupuncture was applied at Neiguan (PC 6), Shuigou (GV 26), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and other supplementary acupoints, once a day, 6 times a week for 3 weeks. Based on the treatment in the control group, three-needle therapy was added at coracoid process, greater tuberosity of humerus and infraglenoid tubercle, the muscular fascia was released by fan-shaped separation technique for 3-6 times, and the treatment was given once every 2 days, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, hand swelling level, Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) score and Barthel index score were observed to evaluate the pain and swelling severity, motor function and living ability of patients before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#① Compared before treatment, the VAS score, hand swelling level, the FMA score and the Barthel index after treatment and 40 days after treatment were improved in both of the two groups (0.05).@*CONCLUSION@# three-needle therapy combined with acupuncture can improve the pain severity and the motor function of affected limbs in patients with CRPS-Ⅰ after stroke, and the therapeutic effect may be sustained for a long term. However, the treatment seems to be ineffectual on extremity swelling.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes , Therapeutics , Needles , Stroke , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The long-term prognosis of complex regional pain syndrome is difficult to predict because of its unclear pathophysiology. The syndrome can spontaneously spread to other regions in the body. We report a case in which a complex regional pain syndrome that occurred in a 75-year-old male patient after a stroke spread to the opposite side.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Causalgia , Prognosis , Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , StrokeABSTRACT
Polyacrylamide hydrogel is a widely used filler material in cosmetic procedures performed on the face and breasts. Recently, however, complications including inflammation, deformity, and pain have been reported. The present article addresses unregulated materials/products injected as dermal fillers. The authors report a case involving a 29-year-old woman who developed severe facial pain after undergoing a cosmetic procedure with injectable triamcinolone and hyaluronidase. Two months later, the pain spread to her upper and lower limbs, and abdomen, which eventually led to the the development and diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in the upper limbs. The authors hypothesize that CRPS in the upper limbs was responsible for the facial pain through sensitization of third-order neurons and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis extending to the upper cervical segments.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Abdomen , Breast , Congenital Abnormalities , Dermal Fillers , Diagnosis , Facial Neuralgia , Facial Pain , Hyaluronic Acid , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase , Hydrogels , Inflammation , Lower Extremity , Neurons , Triamcinolone , Trigeminal Nuclei , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump implantation can be used to control dystonia and severe pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with or without a spinal cord stimulator (SCS). A 45-year-old female patient had gotten an SCS to control the pain of CRPS. However, she suffered from chronic intractable pain in her left ankle and foot despite paresthesia in the entire painful area because the effectiveness of the SCS gradually diminished over time. In a trial of intrathecal drug administration, baclofen was superior to morphine for pain relief, had fewer side effects, and was superior in terms of patient satisfaction. To achieve the greatest degree of pain relief from the ITB pump, the tip of the intrathecal catheter was carefully placed in relation to the SCS. Over a one-year follow-up period, the patient experienced mild pain without any adverse effects.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Ankle , Baclofen , Catheters , Dystonia , Follow-Up Studies , Foot , Morphine , Pain, Intractable , Paresthesia , Patient Satisfaction , Spinal Cord Stimulation , Spinal CordABSTRACT
@#Mirror image visual feedback, a rehabilitation technique, has been used in the rehabilitation for complex regional pain syndrome type I. Some researches showed that it is effective for pain and motor function, which may relate to exciting the motor cortex and activating the mirror neurons, etc.